钾肥和硅肥对油用亚麻茎秆抗倒伏特性的影响

为了优化油用亚麻抗倒伏的肥料运筹措施,以‘陇亚11号’和‘定亚23号’为试验材料,通过裂区设计,研究了钾肥（不施钾、52.5 kg K₂O/hm²和105 kg K₂O /hm² 3个水平）和硅肥（不施硅和90 kg SiO₂/hm² 2个水平）用量对油用亚麻茎秆形态学、力学抗倒伏特性及产量的影响。结果表明：‘陇亚11号’的株高、重心高度及茎粗、壁厚、抗折力均显著大于‘定亚23号’,茎秆形态学及力学抗倒伏特性的综合影响下,‘陇亚11号’较‘定亚23号’倒伏率提高21.24%而产量降低9.43%。钾肥显著改善了抗倒的茎秆表观形态学特性,施钾后茎粗、壁厚、茎秆抗折力、抗倒伏指数提高而株高和重心高度降低,千粒重和籽粒产量分别提高7.35%和9.34%。硅肥对茎秆形态学、力学特性及籽粒产量均无主效应,但硅肥与钾肥的互作使茎粗显著增加。抗倒伏指数与茎粗、壁厚呈显著正相关,与株高、重心高度呈显著负相关。品种间的茎秆抗倒伏特性差异较大,施用钾肥显著改善了抗倒的茎秆表观形态学特性,优化了茎秆机械性能,增强了油用亚麻的抗倒伏能力;供钾量较低时,硅肥与钾肥对茎粗的互作正效应明显。     

ROCK promotes high glucose-induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis by inhi-biting PI3K/Akt signaling pathway

AIMTo investigate whether Rho-associated coiled-coil kinase (ROCK) is involved in high glucose-induced apoptosis of primary cardiomyocytes by regulating PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. METHODSPrimary Wistar rat cardiomyocytes were cultured and identified by α-sarcomeric actin (α-SCA) immunohistochemistry. Cardiomyocytes were treated with 5.5, 33 and 40 mmol/L glucose for 48 h. The cell viability was measured by MTT assay, and the mRNA expression of ROCK1 and ROCK2 in the cardiomyocytes was detected by RT-qPCR. Flow cytometry was used to analyze the apoptosis of the cardiomyocytes. The protein levels of ROCK1, ROCK2, cleaved caspase-3, Bcl-2, PI3K, Akt and p-Akt were determined by Western blot. In order to confirm the regulatory effect of ROCKs on PI3K/Akt signaling pathway, the cells were divided into control group (5.5 mmol/L glucose), high glucose group (33 mmol/L glucose) and high glucose+Y27632 (ROCK inhibitor) group. Western blot was used to detect the protein levels of ROCK1, ROCK2, PI3K, Akt and p-Akt. RESULTSAfter 48 h of high glucose exposure, the values of relative cell viability in 33 and 40 mmol/L glucose groups were (79.71±2.43)% and (68.41±7.49)%, respectively, both of which were significantly decreased compared with normal control group (P<0.05). After 48 h of high glucose exposure, the relative mRNA levels of ROCK1 and ROCK2 in 33 and 40 mmol/L glucose groups were significantly increased compared with normal control group (P<0.05). Compared with normal control group, the apoptotic rate in 33 and 40 mmol/L glucose groups was increased significantly (P<0.05). Compared with normal control group, the protein expression of ROCK1, ROCK2 and cleaved caspase-3 in 33 and 40 mmol/L glucose groups was increased (P<0.05), while the protein expression of Bcl-2 was decreased (P<0.05). No significant difference in the protein levels of PI3K and Akt among the 3 groups was observed, while the protein level of p-Akt in 33 and 40 mmol/L glucose groups was decreased compared with normal control group (P<0.05). Compared with high glucose group, the expression of ROCK1 and ROCK2 was decreased in high glucose+Y27632 group. No significant difference in the protein levels of PI3K and Akt among the 3 groups was observed. Compared with normal control group, the protein level of p-Akt in high glucose group was decreased, and the protein level of p-Akt in high glucose+Y27632 group was increased significantly compared with high glucose group. CONCLUSION Under high glucose environment, ROCK may reduce the level of p-Akt by inhibiting the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway， thus promoting the apoptosis of cardiomyocytes.     

抗根肿病秋大白菜新品种‘CR京秋新3号’

大白菜‘CR京秋新3号’是由分子标记辅助饱和回交转育获得的抗根肿病的细胞质雄性不育系CMS84427CR和自交系832172CR配制而成的中晚熟一代杂种。生育期80 ~ 85 d，植株半直立，株高44 cm左右，开展度75 cm左右。外叶绿色，叶球直筒、叠抱，球高约34 cm，宽约18 cm，净菜质量约4 kg，净菜产量约90 t • hm-2。抗根肿病2号生理小种，抗病毒病、霜霉病。适合北方地区秋季种植。     

亚精胺浸种对番茄种子萌发及幼苗高温抗性的影响

以番茄品种合作903为试验材料,设置0、0.1、0.2、0.4 mmol · L~(-1 )亚精胺(Spd)浸种10 h,研究不同浓度Spd浸种对番茄种子萌发、幼苗生长及高温抗性的影响。结果表明:不同浓度Spd浸种处理均能显著提高番茄种子的发芽指数和活力指数,幼苗地下部干质量和壮苗指数明显提高,其中0.2 mmol · L~(-1 )Spd浸种处理发芽最快,活力指数最高。Spd浸种处理降低了高温胁迫下番茄叶片的相对电解质渗透率、丙二醛(MDA)和H_2O_2含量,其中0.2 mmol · L~(-1 )Spd处理的相对电解质渗透率、MDA和H_2O_2含量最低;抗氧化酶(SOD、APX、DHAR)活性增加,并在0.2 mmol · L~(-1)时达到最大值。综上,0.2 mmol · L~(-1 )Spd浸种能有效促进番茄种子萌发和幼苗生长,提高番茄幼苗高温抗性。     

不同种衣剂处理对青瓜生长及产量影响的研究

为探讨几种新型种衣剂在青瓜种子上的应用效果,研究了先正达迈舒平、氟虫腈、路明卫、高巧4种种衣剂对青瓜生长势、产量及抗病性的影响。结果表明:4种供试种衣剂均能不同程度地影响青瓜生长发育、产量及病害抗性。综合考虑生长势、产量等因素,表现为高巧悬浮种衣剂>先正达迈舒平悬浮种衣剂>氟虫腈悬浮种衣剂>路明卫悬浮种衣剂;在霜霉病、疫病的综合抗性上,表现为路明卫悬浮种衣剂>氟虫腈悬浮种衣剂>先正达迈舒平悬浮种衣剂>高巧悬浮种衣剂,4种供试种衣剂处理均能在一定程度上抑制霜霉病、疫病的发生。     

牦牛瘤胃微生物抗生素抗性基因对3种外源性刺激因子的响应

通过给牦牛投喂硫酸头孢喹肟(CEF)、盐酸二氟沙星(DIF)和黄曲霉毒素B1(AFB1),并进行瘤胃微生物宏基因组测序,旨在揭示这3种外源性刺激因子对抗生素抗性基因(ARGs)种类、抗性类型、抗性机制等的影响,对于深入研究微生物抗性组特征和抗性机制具有重要价值。选取15头牦牛,随机分5组。Cef组和Dif组分别根据说明书推荐剂量按体重计算、灌服CEF 1 mg·kg^-1和DIF 1 mL·kg^-1;E1组和E2组分别按采食量投喂AFB120、60μg·kg^-1;C组为对照组。处理7 d后,采集瘤胃液,提取DNA,Illumina HiSeq测序,对reads counts进行标准化得到TPM值,并进行方差分析。结果显示,对照组共获得132种ARGs,分属30种抗性类型,其中,四环素类tetQ和tetW基因丰度较高;Cef组tetW基因丰度增加(P<0.05),Dif组tetQ丰度增加(P<0.05);Cef组四环素类和头孢菌素类抗性基因丰度增加(P<0.05),Dif组四环素类和氨基香豆素类抗性基因丰度增加(P<0.05),E1组氨基香豆素和青霉烯类抗性基因丰度增加(P<0.05),E2组青霉烯类、头孢菌素类等9类抗性基因丰度均增多(P<0.05);Dif组Erm基因23S核糖体RNA甲基转移酶丰度增加(P<0.05),E2组中ATP结合盒超家族等3种抗性机制相关基因的丰度增加(P<0.05);3种因子均显著增加四环素类ARGs宿主的种类。结论:瘤胃是蕴含丰富ARGs的储藏库,其中,四环素类抗生素抗性基因tetQ和tetW是主要的ARGs。不仅CEF和DIF使部分ARGs的种类、抗性类型以及耐药机制相关酶等的丰度升高,增加瘤胃微生物的耐药性,而且AFB1也具有类似作用,且高剂量AFB1对抗性类型的影响范围较抗生素大。这3种因子还导致携带四环素类ARGs宿主微生物的种类数量增加,从而强化横向转移机制,加快ARGs传播,增强微生物对四环素类的耐药性。     

An isolate of Wheat streak mosaic virus from foxtail overcomes Wsm2 resistance in wheat

Wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV) is an economically important pathogen of wheat (Triticum aestivum) causing major yield losses in regions where severe infection occurs. To detect the presence of any new virus or new WSMV isolates, green foxtail (Setaria viridis) plants exhibiting virus-like symptoms were sampled in a summer-fallowed wheat field at the Agricultural Research Center-Hays, Kansas State University, Hays, Kansas. These plants were tested serologically for four wheat viruses: WSMV, Triticum mosaic virus (TriMV), High Plains wheat mosaic virus (HPWMoV) and Foxtail mosaic virus (FoMV). Among 38 plant samples exhibiting virus-like symptoms, 29 contained WSMV as indicated by ELISA. Four isolates from samples with relatively strong reactions were transferred to healthy wheat seedlings by mechanical inoculation in a growth chamber for pathogenicity testing. Three isolates were avirulent to a wheat variety RonL, which contains Wsm2, a gene providing temperature-sensitive resistance to currently prevalent isolates of WSMV. However, one isolate, KSH294, was able to infect RonL and showed more virulence on two other varieties/lines containing Wsm2. Further sequence and phylogenetic analysis of KSH294 confirmed that this isolate displays a sequence homology with WSMV, but has sequence differences making it distinct from previously identified WSMV isolates included in the phylogenetic analysis.     

乙酰羟酸合酶抑制剂类除草剂的植物抗性机制

乙酰羟酸合酶(AHAS)抑制剂类除草剂已被广泛用于农业生产,然而使用过程中可能对部分敏感农作物产生药害,因此创制对不同类别除草剂具有抗性的一系列作物新品种至关重要。本文将从AHAS抑制剂类除草剂的类别与特点、AHAS靶酶的特性及其在支链氨基酸合成中的作用、除草剂的靶标抗性与非靶标抗性机制等方面分析国内外研究现状与未来发展动态,以期为农作物除草剂抗性性状的遗传改良和开发应用提供参考。     

70份国外小麦品种(系)的苗期和成株期抗叶锈病鉴定

小麦叶锈病是小麦生产中的重要病害之一,培育持久抗病品种是最经济、有效和环保的方法。本研究用19个不同毒力的叶锈菌小种苗期接种70份国外引进小麦品种(系)及36个已知抗叶锈病基因的载体品种进行抗性鉴定,同时在2016—2017年度分别于河北保定和河南周口对70份国外引进品种进行田间抗叶锈性鉴定。为进一步检测材料中所携带的苗期和成株抗叶锈病基因,利用12个与已知基因紧密连锁的分子标记进行检测,综合基因推导、系谱分析和分子标记检测的结果,在33份材料中鉴定出15个抗叶锈病基因,包括Lr1、Lr2a、Lr26、Lr3ka、Lr11、Lr17、Lr30、Lr10、Lr14a、Lr2b、Lr13、Lr15、Lr21、Lr44和Lr45,田间鉴定筛选出39份品种表现慢锈性。苗期和田间表现表明,国外品种中含有丰富的对我国叶锈菌小种有效的苗期和成株期抗叶锈病基因,可作为小麦抗叶锈病抗源在抗病育种中加以利用。     

水分管理和钾肥施用对水稻产量和抗倒伏性的影响

探讨不同水分和钾肥管理对水稻产量和抗倒伏性的影响,为寒地水稻生产合理进行水分和钾肥管理提供理论依据。以当地主栽水稻品种龙粳31为材料,在淹水灌溉和干湿交替灌溉2种水分管理模式下,比较不施钾、钾肥基施和基肥∶穗肥=5∶5等3种钾肥管理形成的水稻群体,研究其对水稻产量和倒伏性能的影响。2种水分管理方式比较,干湿交替灌溉平均产量为8.33t/hm ²,比淹水灌溉增产3.48%;干湿交替处理有利于水稻植株重心高度降低,第1节（N1）、第2节（N2）节间长度缩短,单位节间干重增加,从而提高节间抗折力,N1、N2、第3节（N3）节间倒伏指数分别降低了13.23%、17.48%和15.27%。3种钾肥管理方式比较,施钾可以显著提高产量,产量表现为基肥∶穗肥=5∶5>钾肥基施>不施钾;钾可以促进水稻株高、鲜重、节间粗、茎壁厚、单位节间干重和节间抗折力提高,从而提高抗倒伏性能,3种钾肥管理水稻植株N1、N2、N3节间倒伏指数均为基肥∶穗肥=5∶5<钾肥基施<不施钾;对比于不施钾,钾肥基施处理N1、N2、N3节间倒伏指数分别降低了22.27%、22.04%和27.53%,基肥∶穗肥=5∶5处理N1、N2、N3节间倒伏指数分别降低了34.56%、35.48%和41.01%。结果表明通过干湿交替水分管理配合合理的钾肥管理可以明显提高水稻产量和降低植株倒伏风险。